MORPHPOLOGY AND LIFE CYCLE OF FLIES DROSSOPHYLA
A. PURPOSE
1. To determine the general morphology contained on Drossophila sp.
2. Able to distinguish between the female fly and male flies.
3. To study the stages of the life cycle of Drosophila.
4. To find out how the stages of the life cycle of fruit flies.
5. To discover how to maintain Drossophila sp.
B. BACKGROUND
Drosophila sp is a winged animal, and measuring kecil.Maka from morphological observations that these animals can be by using aids such as LUV or glass pembesar.Genus species.Species Drosophila has many of the most numerous and widespread is the summer melanogaster.Selama Drosophila species There are in all parts of the world that is usually gathered the ripe fruit.
Drosophila has a different morphology cirri between males and females. In the Drosophila male has a smaller body size when compared with the third segment betina.Memiliki abdomen section and has a comb on the female kelamin.Sedangkan relatively larger size, has six segments on the abdomen and has no sex comb. (Soemartomo.SS 1979)
In Drosophila diremuka 4 pairs of chromosomes. In male and female fly flies generally are the same, but there is little difference in one of the male chromosomes are like a hook curve. (Sepoetro.D.1975)
In Drosophila males and females can be easily separated in the form of segment-segmenabdomen.Abdomen females have tapered tip and patterns of lines that are different from the abdomen jantan.Kelamin flies determined in part by the X chromosome which is owned individu.Nor, alnya female fly will have 2 chromosome X. The male flies have only one X chromosome plus one Y chromosome Y heterokromatik.Pada fruit flies do not have an important role in determining the type of chromosome kelamin.PAda Drosophilla few active genes. (Goodenough 1984)
In Drosophila sp characteristic of a mutant is expressed by a combination of one or a few letters and numbers, according to the name and symbol that was first discovered by the inventor to tersebut.Sedabgkan mutant flies that normally berfenotip dibert + sign. This Sedah held since Morgan started research with this animal. For properties that are dominant cirri are written in capital letters will reverse if the recessive gene kecil.Pada written with letters that have a lot of old ale diketemuakn alleles marked with antlers and a letter written rather to atas.Perhatika was banar that each code applies tosaja.Dengan one gene of this, if there is more than one gene is abnormal, then the individual tersebuat can have more than one symbol.Walau demikan seldom can one even two mutants with more than 5 gene that is not normal.
In the Drosophila male flies can be distinguished from the female fly Midah by looking front legs, genitals and abdomen ends and the form abdomennya.Pada foreleg tarsal both males in a group there is a rather precise hair arranged as a comb called Sex sisirkelamin comn. Additionally, smaller males has an end and blunt abdominal segments hitam.Jumlah colored males because only 7 pieces last segment together.(Nio.T.K.1990).
C. BASIC THEORY
Among the first to use fruit flies as the object of Genetics is the study of Thomas Hunt Morgan who managed to find coherence discovery of sex. Species of fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, a kind of common insects that are generally harmless, which is eating fungus that grows on the fruit. Fruit flies are insects that easy to breed. From one marriage alone can produce hundreds of offspring, and a new generation can be bred every two weeks. This characteristic makes the fruit fly into an organism that is well suited for genetic studies.
Here is the classification of Drosophila melanogaster (Borror, 1992):
Kingdom : Animalia
Phyllum : Arthropods
Class : Insecta
Order : Diptera
Family : Drosophilidae
Genus : Drosophila
Species : Drosophila melanogaster
There are several advantages of the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) so that many were subjected to genetic experiments or materials, including:
1. Fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) are easily maintained in the laboratory because the food is very simple, requires very little space and his body strong enough. Usually the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) bred in bottles of medium, the medium may consist of:
• Molasses
• For Molasses
• For Bananas
• The mix of bananas with cassava in the ratio 6:1
This type most widely used medium is the medium that consists of a mixture of bananas with cassava. Type of medium is also typically used for maintenance.
2. At room temperature (room temperature), fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) can complete its life cycle in approximately 12 days.
3. The numbers in nature are very abundant and easily found.
4. Fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) can produce offspring in large numbers.
5. Relatively small number of chromosomes, namely 4 pairs and have a "Giant Chromosme." Chromosome is present in the cells of the salivary glands in the amount 100 times that of ordinary chromosomes, so easily observed under a light microscope.
6. Fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) has a variety of different properties that can be identified with the descendants of enlargement weak. Fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) has some kind of mutant (individuals resulting from the mutation) that can be observed with a magnification of the weak as well.
7. The development of easy to observe their life cycle, because it occurs outside the body from egg, larva, pupa to become an adult (imago)
Drosophila melanogaster has a body length of about 3 to 4 mm, brownish-yellow body.(Borror, 1992). Drosophila egg-shaped oval of small objects and is usually placed on the surface of the food. Adult females begin to lay eggs on the second day after the adult flies and increased up to a week until the females laying 50-75 eggs per day and the maximum possible within 10 days of 400-500 fruits. (Silvia, 2003). Drosophila egg is coated by two layers, namely a thin vitellin membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm and a thin but strong membrane (chorion) at the outside and in the anterior part there are two tangkai tipis. Chorion has a tough outer skin of the egg. (Borror, 1992).
In males and females Drosophilla easily separated in benttuk sehmen ssegmen abdomen. Abdomen btina have tapered ends and also lines the abdominal jantan.Kelamin flies differently than specified ssebagiam X chromosome of the individual female fly will have a second X chromosome, male flies must memilliki sedanngkan an x chromosome y heterokromatik ditanbah 1. Y chromosome in fruit flies have no role in the determination prenting genius Drosophillia sex chromosome genes are active only ssedikit.
Sex Links at Drosophilla through crossing red-eyed female fly with a white male flies.Morgan stated that the gene or sifatyang depending on the sex chromosomes are called coherence sex / sex links.
Based on the results after crossing it in the y chromosome genes are not responsible for the color and red eye color factor that way about sex white.
At the anterior end there is mikrophyle, where spermatozoa into the egg. Although many sperm into the mikrophyle but only one that can berfertilisasi with females and the other pronuleus immediately berabsorpsi in the development of embryonic tissue (Borror, 1992).
The development started soon after fertilization, which consists of two periods. First, the embryonic period in the egg during fertilization, until the young larvae hatch from eggs and this occurs within approximately 24 hours. And at times like this, larvae did not stop, stop to eat (Silvia, 2003).
Periode kedua adalah periode setelah menetas dari telur dan disebut perkembangan postembrionik yang dibagi menjadi tiga tahap, yaitu larva, pupa, dan imago (fase seksual dengan perkembangan pada sayap). Formasi lainnya pada perkembangan secara seksual terjadi pada saat dewasa (Silvia, 2003).
Drosophila larvae are white, segmented, shaped like worms, and dug with his mouth close to black on the head. For respiratory problems in the trachea, there is a pair of spiracles are both located on the anterior and posterior ends (Silvia, 2003).
When the cuticle is no longer soft, young larvae periodically sheds its skin to reach adult size. Discarded the old cuticle and the newly expanded integuments with eating a high speed. During the period of change of skin, called instar larvae. The first instar larvae after hatching until the first change of skin. And indications instar larvae are the size and number of teeth in the mouth black. After the turn of the second skin, the larvae (third instar) until ready to eat form the pupa. In the last stage, the third instar larval merayp onto the surface of the food medium to a dry place and stop moving. And if it can be summarized, in Drosophila, cell-cell destruction occurs on a procedural change of larval skin (molting), which takes place four times with three stadia instar: the larvae of instar 1 to instar II instar larvae from instar II to III, from instar III to pupa and from pupa to imago (Ashburner, 1985).
During the meal, the larvae create channels in the medium, and if there are many channels of the culture growth can be said to be going well. Mature larvae usually crawl up on the wall of the bottle or on tissue paper in a bottle. And here the larvae will attach themselves to a dry place with glue sperti fluid produced by the salivary glands and then form puypa (cocoon).
When the larvae of Drosophila form a shell of the pupa, the body shortens, the cuticle becomes hard and pigmented, without the head and wings are called larval instar 4.Pupa formation characterized by the formation of the head, wing pads and legs.Puparium (outer form pupae) using a cuticle on the third instar. At this stage pupae, larvae in an inactive state, and in these circumstances, the larvae change into adult flies (Ashburner, 1985).
Adult structure was evident during the period of pupal dormancy in the small network the same as in the embryonic stage. Network restrictions preadult (before adulthood) is called anlagen. The main function of the pupa is for development outside of the anlagen to the adult form (Silvia, 2003).
Adults in Drosophila melanogaster in a life cycle about 9 days old. Once out of the pupa, flies the colors are still pale and not spread their wings. Meanwhile, the female fly's mating after the age of 8 hours and will store the sperm in a vast number of male fruit flies.
Drosophila melanogaster is a species of fruit flies that can be found in rotting fruit.Drosophila has been used for years in the study of genetics and animal behavior.
Moreover, Drosophila is also classified into sub-orders Cyclophorpha (grouping of flies that contained pupanya third instar skin, has a jaw hooks) and included in the imago hatching Acaliptrata series with the exit of the anterior part of pupae (Wheeler, 1981).
Fruit flies and other Artrophoda have modular construction, a series of regular segments. this segment is set three main body parts, ayitu; head, thorax, and abdomen.as other bilateral symmetric animals, Drosophila has anterior and posterior axis (head-tail) and the dorsoventral axis (back-belly). In Drosophila, cytoplasmic determinant that is already in the egg provides positional information for both the placement of this axis even before fertilization. after fertilization, the information properly and will eventually lead to the typical structure of each segment.
The other common feature of Drosophila melanogaster are:
1. Body color brownish yellow with black ring at the back of the body.
2. Small, between 3-5 mm.
3. Edge of the wing veins (costal vein) has two parts terinteruptus close to his body.
4. Grouse (Arista) typically in the form of feathers, has a branching 7-12.
5. Posterior Crossvein generally straight, not curved.
6. Compound eyes are round rather ellipse and colored red.
7. There oceli eye on the top of the head with a smaller size than the compound eyes.
8. Thorax hairy-fur with a white base color, while the five-segmented abdomen and black stripes
9. Wing length, transparent in color, and position stems from the thorax.
The characteristic that distinguish male and female Drosophila, among others:
| Male | Female |
| 1. smaller body size than females | 1. larger bodu size than males |
| 2. tha wings are shorter than the female wing | 2. the wing is longer than the male wing |
| 3. there are comb sex(sex comb) | 3. there is no sex combs(sex comb) |
| 4. more blunt abdominal tip and black | 4. abdominal tip tapering |
Metamorphosis in Drosophila, including metamorphosis, from egg - larval instars I - larval instar II - III instar larva - pupa - imago. Phase development of Drosophila melanogaster eggs can be seen more clearly in the picture below.
The development started soon after fertilization, which consists of two periods. First, the embryonic period in the egg during fertilization, until the young larvae hatch from eggs and this occurs within approximately 24 hours. And at times like this, larvae did not stop, stop to eat (Silvia, 2003)
The second period is the period after hatching from the egg and is called the development postembrionik divided into three stages: larva, pupa, and imago (sexually phase with the development of the wing). Other formations on the sexual development occurs in adulthood (Silvia, 2003).
Drosophila egg-shaped oval of small objects and is usually placed on the surface of the food. Adult females begin to lay eggs on the second day after the adult flies and increased up to a week until the females laying 50-75 eggs per day and the maximum possible within 10 days of 400-500 fruits. (Silvia, 2003).
Drosophila egg is coated by two layers, namely a thin vitellin membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm and a thin but tough membrane on the outside and in the anterior there are two tangkai.tipis. Chorion has a tough outer skin of the egg (Borror, 1992). Drosophila larvae are white, segmented, shaped like worms, and dug with his mouth close to black on the head. For respiratory problems in the trachea, there is a pair of spiracles are both located on the anterior and posterior ends (Silvia, 2003).
When the cuticle is no longer soft, young larvae periodically sheds its skin to reach adult size. Discarded the old cuticle and the newly expanded integuments with eating a high speed. During the period of change of skin, called instar larvae. The first instar larvae after hatching until the first change of skin. And indications instar larvae are the size and number of teeth in the mouth black. After the turn of the second skin, the larvae (third instar) until ready to eat form the pupa. In the last stage, the third instar larvae crawl to the top surface of the medium of food to a dry place and stop moving. And if it can be summarized, in Drosophila, cell-cell destruction occurs on a procedural change of larval skin (molting), which takes place four times with three stadia instar: the larvae of instar 1 to instar II instar larvae from instar II to III, from instar III to pupa and from pupa to imago (Ashburner, 1985).
During the meal, the larvae create channels in the medium, and if there are many channels of the culture growth can be said to be going well. Mature larvae usually crawl up on the wall of the bottle or on tissue paper in a bottle. And here the larvae will attach themselves to a dry place with a glue-like fluid produced by the salivary glands and then form a pupa.
When the larvae of Drosophila form a shell of the pupa, the body shortens, the cuticle becomes hard and pigmented, without the head and wings are called larval instar 4.Pupa formation characterized by the formation of the head, wing pads and legs.Puparium (outer form pupae) using a cuticle on the third instar. At this stage pupae, larvae in an inactive state, and in these circumstances, the larvae change into adult flies (Ashburner, 1985). Adult structure was evident during the period of pupal dormancy in the small network the same as in the embryonic stage. Network restrictions preadult (before adulthood) is called anlagen. The main function of the pupa is for development outside of the anlagen to the adult form (Silvia, 2003).
Adults in Drosophila melanogaster in a life cycle about 9 days old. Once out of the pupa, flies the colors are still pale and not spread their wings. Meanwhile, the female fly will marry after the age of 8 hours and will store the sperm in a vast number of male fruit flies. At the anterior end there is mikrophyle, where spermatozoa into the egg. Although many sperm into the mikrophyle but only one that can berfertilisasi with females and the other pronuleus immediately berabsorpsi in the development of embryonic tissue.(Borror, 1992)
Factors affecting growth in Drosophila melanogaster life cycle including the following:
a. Environmental temperature
Drosophila melanogaster during the 8-11 day cycles in ideal conditions. Ideal condition in question is the temperature around 25-28 ° C. At this temperature the flies will have one round in an optimal cycle. While at low temperatures, or about 180C, the time required to complete its life cycle is relatively longer and slower that is approximately 18-20 days. At 30 ° C, adult flies that grow will be sterile.
b. Food Media Availability
Drosophila melanogaster number of eggs released will decrease if the shortages of food. Adult fruit flies that lack of food will produce small-sized larvae. These larvae are capable of forming pupae are small, but often fail to develop into mature individuals.Some can become adults who can only produce a few eggs. Viability of the eggs is also influenced by the type and amount of food eaten by the larvae of females (Shorrocks, 1972).
c. Maintenance Level Density Bottle
Bottles should be filled with medium medium sufficient fruit and not too dense. In addition, fruit flies that had bred in the bottle should not be too much, just a few pairs only. In Drosophila melanogaster with the ideal conditions where there is enough space (not too dense) adult individuals can live up to approximately 40 days. However, if the condition of the bottles is too dense medium will lead to declining egg production and the increasing number of deaths in adult individuals.
d. Light Intensity
Drosophila melanogaster prefers dim lighting and will experience slower growth during his stay in the dark.
D. TOOLS AND MATERIALS
Tool:
· Drosophila sp
· Ether
Material:
· Microscope
· Nescafe bottle
· Cotton
· Plaster
E. PROCEDURES
1. Setting up a bottle of Nescafe
2. Putting cotton in the plaster on the bottle cap
3. Giving the Ether on cotton
4. Anesthetize Drosophilla sp
5. See it under the microscope
6. Write and illustrate the results
F. RESULT
a. Morphology of fruit flies
| IMAGE | DETAILS |
|
| Sex: female |
| 1. Compound eyes Shape: round Color: red |
| 2. Head: round Color: black
|
| 3. Torax: invisible |
| 4. Abdomen: tip of the abdomen black, blunt, consisting of six segments. |
| 5. Wing Shape: elongated oval Color: transparent |
| 6. Size Length: 4mm Width: 2mm |
| 7. feet: three pairs |
| IMAGE | DETAILS |
|
| Sex: male |
| 1. Compound eyes Color: red |
| 2. Head: round |
| 3. Torax: invisible |
| 4. Abdomen: consists of six segments, the tip of abdomen pointed |
| 5. Wing Shape: elongated oval Color: transparent |
| 6. Size Length: 3mm Width: 1mm |
| 7. Legs: 3 pair |
b. The life cycle of fruit flies
| No | Day / Date | Change | Description |
| 1 | Jumat(sore) 27-05-2011 | - | Penangkapan lalat buah |
| 2 | Sabtu 28-05-2011 | Belum ada | Jumlah masih tetap |
| 3 | Minggu 29-05-2011 | Ada | Mati 1 ekor, larva belum muncul |
| 4 | Senin 30-05-2011 | Ada | Mati 3 ekor, larva belum muncul |
| 5 | Selasa 31-05-2011 | Ada | Mulai ada larva |
| 6 | Rabu 01-06-2011 | Ada | Ada larva |
| 7 | Kamis 02-06-2011 | Ada | Ada larva |
| 8 | Jumat 03-06-2011 | Ada | Mulai menjadi Pupa |
| 9 | Sabtu 04-06-2011 | Ada | Dewasa |
G. DISCUSSION
In the lab entitled "Morphology and Life Cycle of Drosophila Flies" held on Tuesday, May 24, 2011 held at the laboratory F MIPA UNY. This lab is divided into two forms of activities, namely activities regarding Morhology of Drosophila which aims to determine the general morphology of Drosophila sp. and for to be able to distinguish the sex of Drosophila, while the second activity is the Life Cycle of Drosophila which aims to study the life cycle stages of Drosophila, to determine the length of life cycle stages of Drosophila and to find out how to maintain Drosophila.
Drosophila melanogaster is a species of fruit flies that can be found in rotting fruit. Drosophila melanogaster is a species of the order Diptera, or flies in the family Drosophillidae. This species is commonly known as the common fruit flies or vinegar flies. This species is one of the most commonly used model organisms in biology, including studies in genetics, physiology, microbial pathogenesis and evolution of life history because they are easy to manage, multiply rapidly and spawn many. Scientific classification of Drosophila melanogaster as follows:
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Diptera
Family: Drosophilidae
Genus: Drosophila
Subgenus: Sophophora
Species: Drosophila melanogaster
On the activities of the Morphology of Drosophila, praktikan need some tools that include a microscope, magnifying glass, brushes, rulers and cotton. The materials used are fly Drosophila melanogaster and ether.
The first stage is performed on this activity is praktikan wet the cotton with a few drops of ether, then the cotton is put into containers that have been filled with some of the tails of Drosophila melanogaster. The function of providing a solution of this ether as an anesthetic for the objects of Drosophila. This process is called eterisasi anesthesia. In general, the function of eterisasi is to make the specimen to be passive and easily observed at the time of observation. After waiting several minutes, it seems that Drosophila is not moving or it can be said to pass out due to the influence of ether had been given.
Then select the two tails of Drosophila praktikan which we identify as the Drosophila male and female Drosophila. This identification process praktikan do based on the literature that says that Drosophila males have a smaller body size compared with body size of Drosophila females, this distinction is the distinction of the most common and most easily observed by praktikan because Drosopila itself has a very small body size.
Furthermore, each object is observed by using a magnifying glass or a magnifying glass. From these observations using the loop data showed that for objects of Drosophila females have a body size with a length of about 4mm wide and about 2mm, while for the object of Drosophila males have a body size with a length of about 3mm wide and about 1mm. From observations using a loop, praktikan can only observe the body size of the object, for very small objects and body parts of the object does not look so obvious. Therefore, in order to obtain observations of the morphology in detail, praktikan use the tools in the form of a microscope.
In the microscope observation for the object Drosophila females, obtained the following results:
From these results, praktikan can identify several body parts or morphology of Drosophila females have three pairs of legs, has a round black head, eyes round like a fishnet and red, has the abdomen with six segments of the pointy toes, and had wingstransparent. As for the tentacle and the abdomen is clearly visible.
Obtained from the literature, it is known that Drosophila females have the morphology as follows:
After observing objects with female gender, we then observe the morphology of objects praktikan Drosophila males, and the results are:
Based on these observations, praktikan can identify that in Drosophila males have 3 pairs of legs are numbered or 6 pieces, has a round shaped head, with eyes red with motifs such as nets, have abdominal blunt-ended with 3 segments and have transparent wings. For parts of the body in the form of tentacles, and torax less obvious by praktikan.
The literature mentions that the Drosophila male plumage as follows:
As for features - morphological traits of Drosophila melanogaster in general according to the literature namely:
1. Body color brownish yellow with black ring at the back of the body.
2. Small, between 3-5 mm.
3. Edge of the wing veins (costal vein) has two parts terinteruptus close to his body.
4. Grouse (Arista) typically in the form of feathers, has a branching 7-12.
5. Posterior Crossvein generally straight, not curved.
6. Compound eyes are round rather ellipse and colored red.
7. There oceli eye on the top of the head with a smaller size than the compound eyes.
8. Thorax hairy-fur with a white base color, while the five-segmented abdomen and black stripes
9. Wing length, transparent in color, and position stems from the thorax.
The characteristic that distinguish male and female drosopila, among others:
| Males | Females |
| 1. Smaller body size than females | 1. Larger body size than males |
| 2. The wings are shorter than the female wing | 2. The wing is longer than the male wing |
| 3. There are combs sex (sex comb) | 3. There is no sex combs (sex comb) |
| 4. More blunt abdominal tip and black | 4. Abdominal tip tapering |
In Drosophila melanogaster the observation cycle was conducted for 7 days, starting on May 28, 2011 until June 3, 2011, while catching a fly on May 27, 2011 at about 17:00 which is housed in the home praktikan. The tools and materials needed are jars / bottles, plastic, banana (fresh and starting to rot), carrots, and fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster). Step work done in this observation is the first catch fruit flies, fruit flies lured to come by incorporating bananas that have started decaying into an empty plastic bag. Then the bottles are stored in the shade. The next step, maintaining the fruit fly.Fruit flies kept in vials containing the media. Media used are made of bananas and a little carrot. Furthermore, observations of the life cycle of fruit flies, noting the changes that occur in fruit flies.
Fruit flies are organisms that have traits that are known and suitable for genetic investigation because it is easy to breed and have a short life cycle. Metamorphosis in Drosophila, including metamorphosis, from egg - larval instars I - larval instar II - III instar larva - pupa - imago.
The development started soon after fertilization, which consists of two periods. First, the embryonic period in the egg during fertilization, until the young larvae hatch from eggs and this occurs within approximately 24 hours. And at times like this, larvae did not stop, stop to eat (Silvia, 2003)
The second period is the period after hatching from the egg and is called the development postembrionik divided into three stages: larva, pupa, and imago (sexually phase with the development of the wing). Other formations on the sexual development occurs in adulthood (Silvia, 2003).
On Friday May 27, 2011 at 17:00 praktikan made arrests and obtained 11 fruit fly flies and put into vials containing medium bananas and carrots begin to rot. On the first day of observation of May 28, 2011 has not changed and the number of flies still 11 tails.
On May 29, 2011 found no one flies that died and have not found any larvae.
In observations dated May 30, 2011 increased 3 dead flies and the larvae have emerged.
The observation was continued again until the first instar larvae began to emerge, ie on May 31, 2011. According to the literature, first instar larvae measuring approximately 0.5 mm, white, and seen some movement (motile). Must be before the larvae, there are eggs but praktikan less scrupulous in observing the eggs and egg likely appear on the media so that the color is less clear. While in theory the Drosophila egg-shaped oval of small objects and is usually placed on the surface of the food. Adult females begin to lay eggs on the second day after the adult flies and increased up to a week until the females laying 50-75 eggs per day and the maximum possible within 10 days of 400-500 fruits.(Silvia, 2003). Drosophila egg is coated by two layers, namely a thin vitellin membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm and a thin but strong membrane (chorion) at the outside and in the anterior part there are two tangkai.tipis. Chorion has a tough outer skin of the egg (Borror, 1992).
Subsequent changes seen during an instar larvae began to swell in size on June 1, 2011, this is called the second instar larvae. In addition, the movement looks more active than first instar larvae. When looking at the emergence of second instar larvae, visible presence of fungal contamination.
The next day ie June 2, 2011, increasingly large larval size and instar larval phase 3 began to appear. The movement of these larvae are active in the media. In theory, Drosophila larvae are white, segmented, shaped like worms, and probing with a black mouth near the head. For respiratory problems in the trachea, there is a pair of spiracles are both located on the anterior and posterior ends (Silvia, 2003).
When the cuticle is no longer soft, young larvae periodically sheds its skin to reach adult size. Discarded the old cuticle and the newly expanded integuments with eating a high speed. During the period of change of skin, called instar larvae. The first instar larvae after hatching until the first change of skin. And indications instar larvae are the size and number of teeth in the mouth black. After the turn of the second skin, the larvae (third instar) until ready to eat form the pupa. In the last stage, the third instar larvae crawl to the top surface of the medium of food to a dry place and stop moving. And if it can be summarized, in Drosophila, cell-cell destruction occurs on a procedural change of larval skin (molting), which takes place four times with three stadia instar: the larvae of instar 1 to instar II instar larvae from instar II to III, from instar III to pupa and from pupa to imago (Ashburner, 1985).
During the meal, the larvae create channels in the medium, and if there are many channels of the culture growth can be said to be going well. Mature larvae usually crawl up on the wall of the bottle or on tissue paper in a bottle. And here the larvae will attach themselves to a dry place with a glue-like fluid produced by the salivary glands and then form a pupa.
Third instar larvae began to be transformed into a white prepupa. Prepupa then turns into a pupa stage on June 3, 2011. And finally emerged imago on June 4, 2011. Long life cycle of Drosophila melanogaster flies from egg to imago in this observation is for 8 days. In theory, when Drosophila larvae form a pupal shell, his body shortens, the cuticle becomes hard and pigmented, without the head and wings are called larval instar 4.Pupa formation characterized by the formation of the head, wing pads and legs.Puparium (outer form pupae) using a cuticle on the third instar. At this stage pupae, larvae in an inactive state, and in these circumstances, the larvae change into adult flies (Ashburner, 1985).
Adult structure was evident during the period of pupal dormancy in the small network the same as in the embryonic stage. Network restrictions preadult (before adulthood) is called anlagen. The main function of the pupa is for development outside of the anlagen to the adult form (Silvia, 2003).
Adults in Drosophila melanogaster in a life cycle about 9 days old. Once out of the pupa, flies the colors are still pale and not spread their wings. Meanwhile, the female fly will marry after the age of 8 hours and will store the sperm in a vast number of male fruit flies. At the anterior end there is mikrophyle, where spermatozoa into the egg. Although many sperm into the mikrophyle but only one that can berfertilisasi with females and the other pronuleus immediately berabsorpsi in the development of embryonic tissue.(Borror, 1992)
The length of the egg changes into imago influenced by environmental conditions such as
• Environmental Temperature
Drosophila melanogaster during the 8-11 day cycles in ideal conditions. Ideal condition in question is the temperature around 25-28 ° C. At this temperature the flies will have one round in an optimal cycle. While at low temperatures, or about 180C, the time required to complete its life cycle is relatively longer and slower that is approximately 18-20 days. At 30 ° C, adult flies that grow will be sterile.
• Availability of Food Media
Drosophila melanogaster number of eggs released will decrease if the shortages of food. Adult fruit flies that lack of food will produce small-sized larvae. These larvae are capable of forming pupae are small, but often fail to develop into mature individuals.Some can become adults who can only produce a few eggs. Viability of the eggs is also influenced by the type and amount of food eaten by the larvae of females (Shorrocks, 1972).
• Density Bottle Maintenance
Bottles should be filled with medium medium sufficient fruit and not too dense. In addition, fruit flies that had bred in the bottle should not be too much, just a few pairs only. In Drosophila melanogaster with the ideal conditions where there is enough space (not too dense) adult individuals can live up to approximately 40 days. However, if the condition of the bottles is too dense medium will lead to declining egg production and the increasing number of deaths in adult individuals.
• Light Intensity
Drosophila melanogaster prefers dim lighting and will experience slower growth during his stay in the dark.
H. CONCLUSION
From lab work we have done, it can be concluded that:
1. General morphology of the fruit fly is
· body color brownish yellow with black ring at the rear of the body.
· Measuring small, between 3-5 mm.
· edge of the wing veins (costal vein) has two parts terinteruptus close to his body.
· grouse (Arista) typically in the form of feathers, has a branching 7-12.
· Crossvein posterior is generally straight, not curved.
· Compound eyes are round rather ellipse and colored red.
· There oceli eye on the top of the head with a smaller size than the compound eyes.
· Thorax hairy-fur with a white base color, while the five-segmented abdomen and black stripes.
· Wing length, transparent in color, and position stems from the thorax.
2. Differences male and female flies
· Males: body size is smaller, has 3 abdominal segments, has a comb gender / sex comb, blunt tip of the abdomen.
· Females: larger body size, has six abdominal segments, have no sex comb, Jung pointed abdomen.
3. Stages of the life cycle of fruit flies is an egg - larval instars I - larval instar II - III instar larva - pupa - imago.
4. Long larval phase instar1 about 1 day, second instar larvae about 1 day, third instar larvae about 1 day, and pupae 3 days. Long life cycle of Drosophila melanogaster flies from egg to imago in this experiment is for 8 days. Long the change from egg to imago varies environmental conditions including temperature, lighting, density and food availability.
5. In maintaining the Drosophila melanogaster, media bottles were cultivated on the environmental conditions are ideal at around 25 ° C. In addition, note the availability of food media. The number of Drosophila melanogaster that is inserted into the bottle quite a few pairs just to make room for living in Drosophila melanogaster. Bottle media should also be put in place by the dim light of the light intensity is not too large.
I. BIBLIOGRAPH
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